.. currentmodule:: numpy

==========================
NumPy 1.21.0 Release Notes
==========================
The NumPy 1.21.0 release highlights are

* continued SIMD work covering more functions and platforms,
* initial work on the new dtype infrastructure and casting,
* universal2 wheels for Python 3.8 and Python 3.9 on Mac,
* improved documentation,
* improved annotations,
* new ``PCG64DXSM`` bitgenerator for random numbers.

In addition there are the usual large number of bug fixes and other improvements.

The Python versions supported for this release are 3.7-3.9. Official support
for Python 3.10 will be added when it is released.

.. warning::
   There are unresolved problems compiling NumPy 1.20.0 with gcc-11.1.

   * Optimization level `-O3` results in many incorrect warnings when
     running the tests.
   * On some hardware NumPY will hang in an infinite loop.





New functions
=============

.. currentmodule:: numpy.random

Add `PCG64DXSM` `BitGenerator`
------------------------------

Uses of the ``PCG64`` ``BitGenerator`` in a massively-parallel context have been
shown to have statistical weaknesses that were not apparent at the first
release in numpy 1.17. Most users will never observe this weakness and are
safe to continue to use ``PCG64``. We have introduced a new ``PCG64DXSM``
``BitGenerator`` that will eventually become the new default ``BitGenerator``
implementation used by ``default_rng`` in future releases. ``PCG64DXSM`` solves
the statistical weakness while preserving the performance and the features of
``PCG64``.

See :ref:`upgrading-pcg64` for more details.

.. currentmodule:: numpy

(`gh-18906 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18906>`__)


Expired deprecations
====================

* The ``shape`` argument `~numpy.unravel_index` cannot be passed
  as ``dims`` keyword argument anymore. (Was deprecated in NumPy 1.16.)

  (`gh-17900 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/17900>`__)

* The function ``PyUFunc_GenericFunction`` has been disabled.
  It was deprecated in NumPy 1.19.  Users should call the ufunc
  directly using the Python API.

  (`gh-18697 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18697>`__)

* The function ``PyUFunc_SetUsesArraysAsData`` has been disabled.
  It was deprecated in NumPy 1.19.

  (`gh-18697 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18697>`__)

* The class ``PolyBase`` has been removed (deprecated in numpy 1.9.0). Please
  use the abstract ``ABCPolyBase`` class instead.

  (`gh-18963 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18963>`__)

* The unused ``PolyError`` and ``PolyDomainError`` exceptions are
  removed.

  (`gh-18963 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18963>`__)


Deprecations
============

The ``.dtype`` attribute must return a ``dtype``
------------------------------------------------

A ``DeprecationWarning`` is now given if the ``.dtype`` attribute
of an object passed into ``np.dtype`` or as a ``dtype=obj`` argument
is not a dtype. NumPy will stop attempting to recursively coerce the
result of ``.dtype``.

(`gh-13578 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/13578>`__)

Inexact matches for ``numpy.convolve`` and ``numpy.correlate`` are deprecated
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

`~numpy.convolve` and `~numpy.correlate` now emit a warning when there are case
insensitive and/or inexact matches found for ``mode`` argument in the functions.
Pass full ``"same"``, ``"valid"``, ``"full"`` strings instead of
``"s"``, ``"v"``, ``"f"`` for the ``mode`` argument.

(`gh-17492 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/17492>`__)

``np.typeDict`` has been formally deprecated
--------------------------------------------
``np.typeDict`` is a deprecated alias for ``np.sctypeDict`` and
has been so for over 14 years (6689502_).
A deprecation warning will now be issued whenever getting ``np.typeDict``.

.. _6689502: https://github.com/numpy/numpy/commit/668950285c407593a368336ff2e737c5da84af7d

(`gh-17586 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/17586>`__)

Exceptions will be raised during array-like creation
----------------------------------------------------
When an object raised an exception during access of the special
attributes ``__array__`` or ``__array_interface__``, this exception
was usually ignored.
A warning is now given when the exception is anything but AttributeError.
To silence the warning, the type raising the exception has to be adapted
to raise an ``AttributeError``.

(`gh-19001 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/19001>`__)

Four ``ndarray.ctypes`` methods have been deprecated
----------------------------------------------------
Four methods of the `ndarray.ctypes` object have been deprecated,
as they are (undocumentated) implementation artifacts of their respective
properties.

The methods in question are:

* ``_ctypes.get_data`` (use ``_ctypes.data`` instead)
* ``_ctypes.get_shape`` (use ``_ctypes.shape`` instead)
* ``_ctypes.get_strides`` (use ``_ctypes.strides`` instead)
* ``_ctypes.get_as_parameter`` (use ``_ctypes._as_parameter_`` instead)

(`gh-19031 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/19031>`__)


Expired deprecations
====================

* The ``shape`` argument `numpy.unravel_index` cannot be passed
  as ``dims`` keyword argument anymore. (Was deprecated in NumPy 1.16.)

  (`gh-17900 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/17900>`__)

* The function ``PyUFunc_GenericFunction`` has been disabled.
  It was deprecated in NumPy 1.19.  Users should call the ufunc
  directly using the Python API.

  (`gh-18697 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18697>`__)

* The function ``PyUFunc_SetUsesArraysAsData`` has been disabled.
  It was deprecated in NumPy 1.19.

  (`gh-18697 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18697>`__)

Remove deprecated ``PolyBase`` and unused ``PolyError`` and ``PolyDomainError``
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The class ``PolyBase`` has been removed (deprecated in numpy 1.9.0). Please use
the abstract ``ABCPolyBase`` class instead.

Furthermore, the unused ``PolyError`` and ``PolyDomainError`` exceptions are
removed from the `numpy.polynomial`.

(`gh-18963 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18963>`__)


Compatibility notes
===================

Error type changes in universal functions
-----------------------------------------
The universal functions may now raise different errors on invalid input in some
cases.  The main changes should be that a ``RuntimeError`` was replaced with a
more fitting ``TypeError``.  When multiple errors were present in the same
call, NumPy may now raise a different one.

(`gh-15271 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/15271>`__)

``__array_ufunc__`` argument validation
---------------------------------------
NumPy will now partially validate arguments before calling ``__array_ufunc__``.
Previously, it was possible to pass on invalid arguments (such as a
non-existing keyword argument) when dispatch was known to occur.

(`gh-15271 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/15271>`__)

``__array_ufunc__`` and additional positional arguments
-------------------------------------------------------
Previously, all positionally passed arguments were checked for
``__array_ufunc__`` support.  In the case of ``reduce``, ``accumulate``, and
``reduceat`` all arguments may be passed by position.  This means that when
they were passed by position, they could previously have been asked to handle
the ufunc call via ``__array_ufunc__``.  Since this depended on the way the
arguments were passed (by position or by keyword), NumPy will now only dispatch
on the input and output array.  For example, NumPy will never dispatch on the
``where`` array in a reduction such as ``np.add.reduce``.

(`gh-15271 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/15271>`__)

Validate input values in ``Generator.uniform``
----------------------------------------------
Checked that ``high - low >= 0`` in ``np.random.Generator.uniform``. Raises
``ValueError`` if ``low > high``. Previously out-of-order inputs were accepted
and silently swapped, so that if ``low > high``, the value generated was
``high + (low - high) * random()``.

(`gh-17921 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/17921>`__)

``/usr/include`` removed from default include paths
---------------------------------------------------
The default include paths when building a package with ``numpy.distutils`` no
longer include ``/usr/include``. This path is normally added by the compiler,
and hardcoding it can be problematic. In case this causes a problem, please
open an issue. A workaround is documented in PR 18658.

(`gh-18658 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18658>`__)

Changes to comparisons with ``dtype=...``
-----------------------------------------
When the ``dtype=`` (or ``signature``) arguments to comparison
ufuncs (``equal``, ``less``, etc.) is used, this will denote
the desired output dtype in the future.
This means that:

    np.equal(2, 3, dtype=object)

will give a ``FutureWarning`` that it will return an ``object``
array in the future, which currently happens for:

    np.equal(None, None, dtype=object)

due to the fact that ``np.array(None)`` is already an object
array. (This also happens for some other dtypes.)

Since comparisons normally only return boolean arrays, providing
any other dtype will always raise an error in the future and
give a ``DeprecationWarning`` now.

(`gh-18718 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18718>`__)

Changes to ``dtype`` and ``signature`` arguments in ufuncs
----------------------------------------------------------
The universal function arguments ``dtype`` and ``signature``
which are also valid for reduction such as ``np.add.reduce``
(which is the implementation for ``np.sum``) will now issue
a warning when the ``dtype`` provided is not a "basic" dtype.

NumPy almost always ignored metadata, byteorder or time units
on these inputs.  NumPy will now always ignore it and raise an
error if byteorder or time unit changed.
The following are the most important examples of changes which
will give the error.  In some cases previously the information
stored was not ignored, in all of these an error is now raised::

    # Previously ignored the byte-order (affect if non-native)
    np.add(3, 5, dtype=">i32")

    # The biggest impact is for timedelta or datetimes:
    arr = np.arange(10, dtype="m8[s]")
    # The examples always ignored the time unit "ns":
    np.add(arr, arr, dtype="m8[ns]")
    np.maximum.reduce(arr, dtype="m8[ns]")

    # The following previously did use "ns" (as opposed to `arr.dtype`)
    np.add(3, 5, dtype="m8[ns]")  # Now return generic time units
    np.maximum(arr, arr, dtype="m8[ns]")  # Now returns "s" (from `arr`)

The same applies for functions like ``np.sum`` which use these internally.
This change is necessary to achieve consistent handling within NumPy.

If you run into these, in most cases pass for example ``dtype=np.timedelta64``
which clearly denotes a general ``timedelta64`` without any unit or byte-order
defined.  If you need to specify the output dtype precisely, you may do so
by either casting the inputs or providing an output array using `out=`.

NumPy may choose to allow providing an exact output ``dtype`` here in the
future, which would be preceded by a ``FutureWarning``.

(`gh-18718 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18718>`__)

Ufunc ``signature=...`` and ``dtype=`` generalization and ``casting``
---------------------------------------------------------------------
The behaviour for ``np.ufunc(1.0, 1.0, signature=...)`` or
``np.ufunc(1.0, 1.0, dtype=...)`` can now yield different loops in 1.21
compared to 1.20 because of changes in promotion.
When ``signature`` was previously used, the casting check on inputs
was relaxed, which could lead to downcasting inputs unsafely especially
if combined with ``casting="unsafe"``.

Casting is now guaranteed to be safe.  If a signature is only
partially provided, for example using ``signature=("float64", None, None)``,
this could lead to no loop being found (an error).
In that case, it is necessary to provide the complete signature
to enforce casting the inputs.
If ``dtype="float64"`` is used or only outputs are set (e.g.
``signature=(None, None, "float64")`` the is unchanged.
We expect that very few users are affected by this change.

Further, the meaning of ``dtype="float64"`` has been slightly modified and
now strictly enforces only the correct output (and not input) DTypes.
This means it is now always equivalent to::

    signature=(None, None, "float64")

(If the ufunc has two inputs and one output).  Since this could lead
to no loop being found in some cases, NumPy will normally also search
for the loop::

    signature=("float64", "float64", "float64")

if the first search failed.
In the future, this behaviour may be customized to achieve the expected
results for more complex ufuncs.  (For some universal functions such as
``np.ldexp`` inputs can have different DTypes.)

(`gh-18880 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18880>`__)

Distutils forces strict floating point model on clang
-----------------------------------------------------
NumPy distutils will now always add the ``-ffp-exception-behavior=strict``
compiler flag when compiling with clang.  Clang defaults to a non-strict
version, which allows the compiler to generate code that does not set
floating point warnings/errors correctly.

(`gh-19049 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/19049>`__)


C API changes
=============

Use of ``ufunc->type_resolver`` and "type tuple"
------------------------------------------------
NumPy now normalizes the "type tuple" argument to the type resolver functions
before calling it.  Note that in the use of this type resolver is legacy
behaviour and NumPy will not do so when possible.  Calling
``ufunc->type_resolver`` or ``PyUFunc_DefaultTypeResolver`` is strongly
discouraged and will now enforce a normalized type tuple if done.  Note that
this does not affect providing a type resolver, which is expected to keep
working in most circumstances.  If you have an unexpected use-case for calling
the type resolver, please inform the NumPy developers so that a solution can be
found.

(`gh-18718 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18718>`__)


New Features
============

Added a mypy plugin for handling platform-specific ``numpy.number`` precisions
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A mypy_ plugin is now available for automatically assigning the (platform-dependent)
precisions of certain `~numpy.number` subclasses, including the likes of
`~numpy.int_`, `~numpy.intp` and `~numpy.longlong`. See the documentation on
:ref:`scalar types <arrays.scalars.built-in>` for a comprehensive overview
of the affected classes.

Note that while usage of the plugin is completely optional, without it the
precision of above-mentioned classes will be inferred as `~typing.Any`.

To enable the plugin, one must add it to their mypy `configuration file`_:

.. code-block:: ini

    [mypy]
    plugins = numpy.typing.mypy_plugin


.. _mypy: http://mypy-lang.org/
.. _configuration file: https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config_file.html

(`gh-17843 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/17843>`__)

Let the mypy plugin manage extended-precision ``numpy.number`` subclasses
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
The mypy_ plugin, introduced in `numpy/numpy#17843`_, has been expanded:
the plugin now removes annotations for platform-specific extended-precision
types that are not available to the platform in question.
For example, it will remove `~numpy.float128` when not available.

Without the plugin *all* extended-precision types will, as far as mypy is concerned,
be available on all platforms.

To enable the plugin, one must add it to their mypy `configuration file`_:

.. code-block:: ini

    [mypy]
    plugins = numpy.typing.mypy_plugin


.. _mypy: http://mypy-lang.org/
.. _configuration file: https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config_file.html
.. _`numpy/numpy#17843`: https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/17843

(`gh-18322 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18322>`__)

New ``min_digits`` argument for printing float values
-----------------------------------------------------
A new ``min_digits`` argument has been added to the dragon4 float printing
functions `~numpy.format_float_positional` and `~numpy.format_float_scientific`
. This kwd guarantees that at least the given number of digits will be printed
when printing in unique=True mode, even if the extra digits are unnecessary to
uniquely specify the value. It is the counterpart to the precision argument
which sets the maximum number of digits to be printed. When unique=False in
fixed precision mode, it has no effect and the precision argument fixes the
number of digits.

(`gh-18629 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18629>`__)

f2py now recognizes Fortran abstract interface blocks
-----------------------------------------------------
`~numpy.f2py` can now parse abstract interface blocks.

(`gh-18695 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18695>`__)

BLAS and LAPACK configuration via environment variables
-------------------------------------------------------
Autodetection of installed BLAS and LAPACK libraries can be bypassed by using
the ``NPY_BLAS_LIBS`` and ``NPY_LAPACK_LIBS`` environment variables. Instead,
the link flags in these environment variables will be used directly, and the
language is assumed to be F77.  This is especially useful in automated builds
where the BLAS and LAPACK that are installed are known exactly.  A use case is
replacing the actual implementation at runtime via stub library links.

If ``NPY_CBLAS_LIBS`` is set (optional in addition to ``NPY_BLAS_LIBS``), this
will be used as well, by defining ``HAVE_CBLAS`` and appending the environment
variable content to the link flags.

(`gh-18737 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18737>`__)

A runtime-subcriptable alias has been added for ``ndarray``
-----------------------------------------------------------
``numpy.typing.NDArray`` has been added, a runtime-subscriptable alias for
``np.ndarray[Any, np.dtype[~Scalar]]``. The new type alias can be used
for annotating arrays with a given dtype and unspecified shape. :sup:`1`

:sup:`1` NumPy does not support the annotating of array shapes as of 1.21,
this is expected to change in the future though (see :pep:`646`).

Examples
~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: python

    >>> import numpy as np
    >>> import numpy.typing as npt

    >>> print(npt.NDArray)
    numpy.ndarray[typing.Any, numpy.dtype[~ScalarType]]

    >>> print(npt.NDArray[np.float64])
    numpy.ndarray[typing.Any, numpy.dtype[numpy.float64]]

    >>> NDArrayInt = npt.NDArray[np.int_]
    >>> a: NDArrayInt = np.arange(10)

    >>> def func(a: npt.ArrayLike) -> npt.NDArray[Any]:
    ...     return np.array(a)

(`gh-18935 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18935>`__)


Improvements
============

Arbitrary ``period`` option for ``numpy.unwrap``
------------------------------------------------
The size of the interval over which phases are unwrapped is no longer restricted to ``2 * pi``.
This is especially useful for unwrapping degrees, but can also be used for other intervals.

.. code:: python

    >>> phase_deg = np.mod(np.linspace(0,720,19), 360) - 180
    >>> phase_deg
    array([-180., -140., -100.,  -60.,  -20.,   20.,   60.,  100.,  140.,
           -180., -140., -100.,  -60.,  -20.,   20.,   60.,  100.,  140.,
           -180.])

    >>> unwrap(phase_deg, period=360)
    array([-180., -140., -100.,  -60.,  -20.,   20.,   60.,  100.,  140.,
            180.,  220.,  260.,  300.,  340.,  380.,  420.,  460.,  500.,
            540.])

(`gh-16987 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/16987>`__)

``np.unique`` now returns single ``NaN``
----------------------------------------
When ``np.unique`` operated on an array with multiple ``NaN`` entries,
its return included a ``NaN`` for each entry that was ``NaN`` in the original array.
This is now improved such that the returned array contains just one ``NaN`` as the
last element.

Also for complex arrays all ``NaN`` values are considered equivalent
(no matter whether the ``NaN`` is in the real or imaginary part). As the
representant for the returned array the smallest one in the
lexicographical order is chosen - see ``np.sort`` for how the lexicographical
order is defined for complex arrays.

(`gh-18070 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18070>`__)

``Generator.rayleigh`` and ``Generator.geometric`` performance improved
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
The performance of Rayleigh and geometric random variate generation
in ``Generator`` has improved. These are both transformation of exponential
random variables and the slow log-based inverse cdf transformation has
been replaced with the Ziggurat-based exponential variate generator.

This change breaks the stream of variates generated  when variates from
either of these distributions are produced.

(`gh-18666 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18666>`__)

Placeholder annotations have been improved
------------------------------------------
All placeholder annotations, that were previously annotated as ``typing.Any``,
have been improved. Where appropiate they have been replaced with explicit
function definitions, classes or other miscellaneous objects.

(`gh-18934 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18934>`__)


Performance improvements
========================

Improved performance in integer division of NumPy arrays
--------------------------------------------------------
Integer division of NumPy arrays now uses
`libdivide <https://libdivide.com/>`__ when the divisor is a constant. With the
usage of libdivide and other minor optimizations, there is a large speedup.
The ``//`` operator and ``np.floor_divide`` makes use of the new changes.

(`gh-17727 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/17727>`__)

Improve performance of ``np.save`` and ``np.load`` for small arrays
-------------------------------------------------------------------
``np.save`` is now a lot faster for small arrays.

``np.load`` is also faster for small arrays,
but only when serializing with a version >= ``(3, 0)``.

Both are done by removing checks that are only relevant for Python 2,
while still maintaining compatibility with arrays
which might have been created by Python 2.

(`gh-18657 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18657>`__)


Changes
=======

`numpy.piecewise` output class now matches the input class
----------------------------------------------------------
When `~numpy.ndarray` subclasses are used on input to `~numpy.piecewise`,
they are passed on to the functions. The output will now be of the
same subclass as well.

(`gh-18110 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18110>`__)

Enable Accelerate Framework
----------------------------
With the release of macOS 11.3, several different issues that numpy was
encountering when using Accelerate Framework's implementation of BLAS and
LAPACK should be resolved.  This change enables the Accelerate Framework as an
option on macOS.  If additional issues are found, please file a bug report
against Accelerate using the developer feedback assistant tool
(https://developer.apple.com/bug-reporting/). We intend to address issues
promptly and plan to continue supporting and updating our BLAS and LAPACK
libraries.

(`gh-18874 <https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/18874>`__)
